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Student Financial Aid

The Department of Education administers student financial aid programs at the Federal level in the U.S., including grants, work-study, and loans. Financial assistance helps students pay education expenses including tuition and fees, room and board, books, and supplies for education at a college, university, or vocational school.

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Taking of Marine Mammals

The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) of 1972 and implementing regulations generally prohibit taking or harming marine mammals, and impose restrictions on the import, export, and sale of marine mammals and mammal parts or products within the United States. The Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) administer MMPA regulations. The Marine Mammal Commission (MMC) reviews existing policies and makes recommendations to FWS and NOAA to improve implementation of the MMPA. Other agencies’ documents related to the protection of marine mammals may appear in this search.

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Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT & SPS Agreements)

The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) is an international treaty administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO). The TBT ensures that WTO member-states' technical regulations, standards, testing, and certification procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles to trade. It does not ban rules created for legitimate purposes, such as consumer or environmental protection. The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), similarly limits trade requirements relating to food safety (bacterial contaminants, pesticides, inspection, and labeling), and animal and plant health (phytosanitation) rules on pests and diseases. In the U.S., the National Center for Standards and Certification Information (DOC/NIST) maintains a website, which offers U.S. citizens, industries, and organizations email notifications of opportunities to review and comment on proposed foreign technical regulations that can affect their businesses and their access to international markets (https://tsapps.nist.gov/notifyus/data/index/index.cfm). Various agencies publish Federal Register documents that relate to TBT and SPS issues.

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Toxic Substances Control

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) administers the Toxic Substances Control Act to protect the public from unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment by regulating the manufacture and sale of chemicals. EPA regulations control the types of chemicals that can be used in production and manufacturing processes. Generally, manufacturers must submit premanufacturing notification to the EPA prior to manufacturing (or importing) new chemicals for commercial purposes.

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Trade Adjustment Assistance

Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) programs are administered by the Department of Labor (DOL), Department of Commerce (DOC), and Department of Agriculture (USDA). The DOL program, TAA for Workers, provides reemployment services and benefits to workers who lost jobs or experienced reduced hours and wages due to increased imports or shifts in production outside the U.S. The DOL program aims to help participants obtain new jobs and earn wages comparable to their prior employment. The DOC program, TAA for Firms, is operated by the Economic Development Administration (EDA). EDA provides financial assistance to manufacturers and service firms affected by import competition, sharing the cost of projects that improve competitiveness. The USDA administers TAA for Farmers. Under that program, certain agricultural producers can receive payments if a decline in prices for their commodity were caused at least partly by imports.

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Transparency & Open Government

Open government is the governing doctrine which holds that citizens have the right to access the documents and proceedings of the government to allow for effective public participation and oversight. Information and communication technologies can be used to engage citizens, support the democratic decision-making processes and strengthen representative democracy.

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Truth in Lending (Regulation Z)

The Truth in Lending Act (TILA) of 1968 is a Federal law designed to promote the informed use of consumer credit. It requires disclosures about the terms and cost of loans to standardize how borrowing costs are calculated and disclosed. TILA also gives consumers the right to cancel certain credit transactions that involve a lien on a consumer's principal dwelling, regulates certain credit card practices, and provides a means for fair and timely resolution of credit billing disputes. With the exception of certain high-cost mortgage loans, TILA does not regulate the charges that may be imposed for consumer credit. Rather, it requires uniform or standardized disclosure of costs and charges so that consumers can shop. The Dodd-Frank Act transferred the Federal Reserve Board's rulemaking authority for TILA to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau as of July 21, 2011.

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Underground Storage Tank Program

An underground storage tank (UST) is any one or combination of tanks used to contain regulated substances, which are 10 percent or more beneath the surface of the ground. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) publishes UST regulations, including requirements that owners to locate, remove, upgrade, or replace USTs. Under EPA regulations, each state has authority to set up a program to compensate owners for the cleanup of underground petroleum leaks, to set standards and licensing for installers, and to register and inspect underground tanks.

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Veterans Disability Ratings & Claims

The Department of Veterans Affairs administers claims for service related disabilities. Disability compensation is available for injuries or diseases that happened while on active duty, or were made worse by active military service. The amount of basic benefit paid varies depending on the severity of the condition. Additional amounts may be paid if the veteran has: very severe disabilities or loss of limb(s); a spouse, child(ren), or dependent parent(s); or a seriously disabled spouse. The Code of Federal Regulations contains claim information and a schedule of disability ratings in title 38, parts 3 and 4.

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Veterans Educational Benefits

On June 22, 1944, the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 became law. It was commonly known as the G.I. Bill of Rights. Since the original 1944 law, the term has come to include other veterans' benefit programs created to assist veterans of subsequent wars as well as peacetime service, including the Montgomery G.I. Bill, the Post-9/11 Veterans Education Assistance Improvements Act of 2010, and the Survivors' and Dependents' Educational Assistance Program. The Department of Veterans Affairs, the Department of Defense, and several other agencies participate in administering educational programs for veterans.

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Veterans Employment & Training

The U.S. government has a variety of programs that assist veterans of military service to find employment and training opportunities. The Veterans Employment and Training Service and the Employment and Training Administration of the Department of Labor, the Office of Personnel Management, the Department of Veterans Affairs, and the Department of Defense administer programs that assist veterans in their transition to civilian life.

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Veterinary Biologics & Animal Disease

The Virus-Serum-Toxin Act (VST Act) (21 U.S.C. 151-158) is designed to protect farmers and persons raising livestock by regulating the quality of vaccines and point-of-care diagnostics for animals. The law and implementing regulations make it unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to engage in the "preparation, sale, barter, exchange, or shipment" of "worthless, contaminated, dangerous or harmful" virus, serum, toxin, or analogous animal biologicals in interstate commerce. The Act provides for licensing of products and establishments, and requires permits for the importation of animal biologicals. Regulations prescribe test requirements for purity, safety, potency, and efficacy; and all labeling and claims in advertising are subject to approval. The USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) enforces the VST Act. Animal biologicals are also subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 321 et seq.) and FDA regulations. APHIS also regulates the importation and interstate transportation of animals and animal products to prevent the introduction and spread of various animal diseases in the U.S.

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Voting & Elections

The U.S. Constitution defines, on a basic level, how Federal elections are held in Articles I and II, and in various amendments. State law regulates most aspects of electoral law, including primaries, the eligibility of voters, state Electoral College proceedings, and state and local election processes (state rules are not part of this search). On the Federal level, the Federal Election Commission regulates public funding of elections and candidate expenditures to a certain extent. The Justice Department enforces the Voting Rights Act. The Defense Department administers the Federal Voting Assistance Program for uniformed service members and others living outside the U.S. The Election Assistance Commission and the Civil Rights Commission provide additional aid and oversight.

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